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Constructivism is a theory of knowledge〔Jean Piaget, 1967〕 that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. It has influenced a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, education and the history of science. During its infancy, constructivism examined the interaction between human experiences and their reflexes or behavior-patterns. Jean Piaget called these systems of knowledge ''schemata''. Constructivism is not a specific pedagogy, although it is often confused with constructionism, an educational theory developed by Seymour Papert, inspired by constructivist and experiential learning ideas of Piaget. Piaget's theory of constructivist learning has had wide ranging impact on learning theories and teaching methods in education and is an underlying theme of many education reform movements. Research support for constructivist teaching techniques has been mixed, with some research supporting these techniques and other research contradicting those results. ==History== Earlier educational philosophies did not place much value on what would become constructivist ideas; children's play and exploration was seen as aimless and of little importance. Jean Piaget did not agree with these traditional views, however. He saw play as an important and necessary part of the student's cognitive development and provided scientific evidence for his views. Today, constructivist theories are influential throughout the formal and informal learning sectors. In museum education, constructivist theories inform exhibit design. One good example of constructivist learning in a non-formal setting is the Investigate Centre at The Natural History Museum, London. Here visitors are encouraged to explore a collection of real natural history specimens, to practice some scientific skills and make discoveries for themselves. Writers who influenced constructivism include: *John Dewey (1859–1952) *Maria Montessori (1870–1952) *Władysław Strzemiński (1893–1952) *Jean Piaget (1896–1980) *Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) *Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002) *George Kelly (1905–1967) *Jerome Bruner (1915–) *Herbert Simon (1916–2001) *Paul Watzlawick (1921–2007) *Ernst von Glasersfeld (1917–2010) *Edgar Morin (1921–) *Humberto Maturana (1928–) For more detailed information on the philosophy of the construction of human knowledge, see constructivist epistemology. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constructivism (philosophy of education)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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